The 12 readiness questions explained: what evidence to collect
Each question in the IT/OT readiness worksheet explained: why it matters, what “verified” looks like and which evidence to bring to the kickoff meeting.
· 4 min
IT/OT projects / EN
ENGINEERING NOTES
Technical answers.
Technical answers.
For real factory questions.
From the production line to business systems: implementation steps, design decisions and commissioning checks.
24 articles · tools
Industrial data / EN
Process unit conversion pitfalls: gauge vs absolute, normal vs standard volume
The conversions that cause real mistakes in process data: gauge versus absolute pressure, temperature offsets, volumetric versus mass flow, and normal versus standard cubic meters.
· 4 min
Industrial data / EN
Reading a sensor CSV: outliers, drift and flatlines before analytics
A short routine for checking an exported sensor file: timestamps, missing samples, z-scores and outliers, drift and frozen values, and what to do before data reaches a dashboard or a model.
· 4 min
Industrial data / EN
Sizing an IIoT data budget: sampling, deadband and retention
How tag count, sampling interval, payload size, overhead and retention combine into bandwidth and storage numbers, and how deadband and compression change them.
· 4 min
OT security / EN
IPv4 subnet planning for OT networks: CIDR, VLANs and address plans
A practical method for sizing OT subnets: how CIDR maps to host counts, how to leave room to grow, how to align subnets with cells and zones and how to document the plan.
· 4 min
Industrial protocols / EN
32-bit floats in Modbus: ABCD, CDAB, BADC and DCBA byte orders
Why a perfectly valid register pair turns into nonsense, how IEEE 754 single precision is split across two registers and how to find the right byte and word order.
· 4 min
Industrial protocols / EN
Modbus addressing and function codes: why 40001 is register 0
A reference-style guide to Modbus data tables, 0-based versus 1-based addresses, the common function codes and exception responses, with the classic off-by-one trap explained.
· 3 min
OEE & production / EN
MTBF and MTTR: how to calculate them and where they mislead
Definitions, formulas and a worked example for MTBF and MTTR, plus the pitfalls: what counts as a failure, what counts as repair time and why averages hide long outages.
· 4 min
OEE & production / EN
OEE worked example: from shift data to a loss waterfall
Follow one 8-hour shift through the OEE formula: availability, performance, quality and a minute-by-minute loss waterfall you can reproduce in the free calculator.
· 4 min
Industrial protocols / EN
LoRaWAN in Industrial Environments: Long-Range IoT for Factory and Field
When Wi-Fi is too short-range and cellular is too costly, LoRaWAN fills the gap: it connects low-data-rate sensors across warehouses, yards and remote sites at low cost per device.
· 6 min
Industrial data / EN
Industrial Data Historians: Choosing Between OSIsoft PI, Ignition, and InfluxDB
Every factory needs a historian — but the choice between enterprise platforms, SCADA-native solutions, and open-source time-series databases depends on your scale, budget, and team skills.
· 5 min
OEE & production / EN
Energy Monitoring for Manufacturing: From Sub-Metering to Real-Time Dashboards
A practical guide to energy monitoring in manufacturing: what to meter, how to connect meters to dashboards, and how to use demand data to find savings and prove them.
· 5 minTOPIC HUBS
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